S1 E10: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. The small muscles of the vertebrae (the multifidi and rotators) help rotate, extend, and side bend the back. A pig BodyMap transcriptome reveals diverse tissue physiologies and evolutionary dynamics of transcription Long Jin, Qianzi Tang, Silu Hu, Zhongxu Chen, Xuming Zhou, Bo Zeng, Yuhao Wang, Mengnan. The one that mapped to an exon was kept if the scores were equal. LC-MS peaks were aligned across samples according to Giavalisco et al. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Among them, 1,535 could be annotated using metabolite standards or computationally matching the metabolite features to metabolite database entries. Copyright: 2014 Bozek et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s024. extraordinary humans muscles transcriptwhat happened to mekhi brown. Table includes concentration levels of 4,698 metabolite peaks depicted in Figure 3c in the same order (from left to right) as the primate samples shown in the Figure. All mouse individuals were from the C57/BL6 strain with no genetic modifications. The Table lists total numbers of sequenced reads and proportions of reads mapped to the genome, for each sample. By contrast, all tested nonhuman primates were raised in captivity and were never subjected to physical training. The difference in concentration levels of each metabolite between humans and chimpanzees and rhesus macaques is given next to the respective metabolite. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Each aliquot was concentrated to complete dryness in a speed vacuum centrifuge at room temperature. To further deepen our understanding of metabolite concentration changes accompanying recent human evolution, as well as to shed light on the general dynamics of metabolome evolution, we conducted a comprehensive metabolome survey across five tissues of humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, and laboratory mice based on over 10,000 metabolic compounds. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CS PH JE OH JB XL MS SP LW. He is pictured holding five pound weights with . https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s014. The remaining 0.5 ml tissue lysate was incubated at room temperature for 30 min after adding 4 ml of chloroform, 1.4 ml methanol, and 0.1 ml 30 M sphingomyelin (Avanti) in a 10 ml glass tube. Posts about Extraordinary Humans: Muscles written by kterrl. Daniel Lieberman's Edge Bio Page. Wise, J. . Follow. Daniel Lieberman's Edge Bio Page. Subsequently, fibers were classified under light microscopy as type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. The average concentration profile of all peaks within a cluster is traced with colored lines. Documentaries, lectures, and movies. retired football players 2020. sensation de bulle dans le haut du ventre; yeshiva ketana of waterbury; protest in sheffield today palestine; jonah rooney parents. Combined with previous observations of decreased bone robustness potentially reflecting a decline in muscular strength on the human evolutionary lineage [22], it is plausible that human brain and muscle were evolving in a reciprocal manner to adjust to the increasing energy demands of the growing brain [5] and to adapt to new types of physical activities requiring greater endurance, both characteristic of modern humans [6]. The colors represent 13 metabolite clusters colored according to the tissue-specificity of the cluster concentration profiles: shades of red indicating brain-specific clusters, shades of blue: muscle-specific, and shades of green: kidney-specific clusters. DOCX Ms. Zhong's Classes - Biology As a cutoff for a minimal level of expression of the analyzed genes, we selected the 5% quintile of all gene nonzero expression levels in all samples. After several failed attempts by an individual to pull a certain weight, the amount of food on the device was increased. the documentary. (b) Numbers of metabolite peaks differentiating humans, chimpanzees, and macaques subjected to environmental condition 1 (C1: physical activity deprivation), and macaques subjected to environmental condition 2 (C2: high nutrition and physical activity deprivation) from the control macaques in any of the five tissues (t-test, p<0.01). genetic mutation from dip 1 Extraordinary Humans: Muscles Dystonia 1. what is one guardrail on lean budget spend? RIN, RNA Integrity Number. Human Body Collection, Season 1 Episode 7, is available to watch and stream on National Geographic. This article is concerned with the skeletal muscles of the human body, with emphasis on muscle movements and the changes that have occurred in human skeletal musculature as a result of the long evolutionary process that involved the assumption of upright posture. This results in only one species of mature mRNA being synthesized from each primary transcript. He once drew a 19-feet long drawing of New York City after a single 20-minute helicopter ride. Neurons are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems The axon of the neuron contains the nucleus All neurons have myelin sheaths Dendrites, Which statement is true regarding the skeletal system? But how do our muscles work? ), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (mouse). 14-year old Hunter Steinitz suffers from Harlequin Ichthyosis, a rare condition that causes her skin to grow layer upon layer without flaking off, progressively encasing her in a tight suit of thick We used the liftOver tool [28] to map the human genome onto the genomes of the other three species. negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; [+]LC-MS, All subjects suffered sudden death with no prolonged agonal state. How does their daily life look like? The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis also assist in neck side bending. However, many eukaryotic genes can give rise to . Muscle tissue was dissected from thigh skeletal muscle, mainly vastus lateralis. Outliers were identified based on PCA plots and included nine samples in the [+]LC-MS and []LC-MS datasets. Peak concentration profiles normalized by their Euclidian norm are shown with gray lines. July 6, 2020 Not long after his sixteenth birthday, Fred Clay was arrested for the murder of a cab driver in Boston. With each individual's successful pull, the amount of weight attached to the device was increased. Shop on Walmart. How will this affect the patient's iron status? Our results suggesting a major difference in muscular strength between humans and nonhuman primates provide one possible explanation for this phenomenon. Transcript. Yes More specifically, he explores the area of psychopharmacology, We're committed to providing the best documentaries from around the World. It serves as a solvent without which the chemistry of life . In muscle, functional units partially overlapped and reflected human-specific changes in: (i) carbohydrate metabolism (propanoate metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, glycolysis/glucogenesis); (ii) energy production (oxidative phosphorylation); and (iii) amino acid metabolism (histidine, -alanine metabolism) (Figure 4a, Table S15, Figure S11). By contrast, in the brain, PFC, and skeletal muscle, human-specific metabolic divergence exceeded chimpanzee-specific divergence by 4.0-, 4.2-, and 8.4-fold respectively. The plot is organized as in Figure S10, the metabolite groups are listed in Table S15. Replicas of the filters were hybridized in stringent conditions with 33P-radiolabeled cDNA probes transcribed from skeletal muscle In the search for KEGG pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles, we used all metabolites measured in this study as a background for the hypergeometric and permutation tests. Our data set, MuscleDB, reveals extensive transcriptional diversity, with greater than 50% of transcripts differentially expressed among skeletal muscle tissues. Together, the sternocleidomastoid muscles on both sides of the neck act to flex the neck and raise the sternum to assist in forced inhalation. Extraordinary Human: Muscles Dystonia 1. Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may . The tissue samples were first powdered using a mortar and pestle cooled by liquid nitrogen and then separated into two parts for the metabolite and RNA extraction procedures. world of drugs. This talk was presented to a local . Further, 80% of peaks showed significant concentration differences among the four species and 61% among primates (permutation p<0.01, FDR<2%), indicating large scope and potential functional importance of metabolome divergence among species. How can the various forms of dystonia occur? There is even a term for that dumpster 14-year old Hunter Steinitz suffers from Harlequin Ichthyosis, a rare condition . Metabolites directly linked to the enzymes with a human-specific expression profile in these tissues are indicated by darker shades of red and blue. Learn more. Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman AFB, Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States of America, Affiliation Samples are ordered along the X-axis according to tissue as indicated below the axis. Affiliations Columns represent metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in PFC; rows represent KEGG pathways enriched in the respective metabolites. In brief, 50 mg of frozen powdered tissue material was re-suspended in 1 ml extraction solution containing 0.5 g of corticosterone, 1.5 g of 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, 850360P), 0.5 g of 13C sorbitol and 0.25 g of ampicillin. Also followed: a 41-year-old man. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. These video questions are designed to accompany the National Geographic video "Extraordinary Humans: Mucles." The Zoo enclosures are large and contain objects imitating a natural chimpanzee environment, including climbing facilities. One of them is Jason Dunn, a 35 year old guy that lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder causing his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. Proportions of metabolite variation explained by different factors. The star signs show average normalized concentration levels of all cluster peaks within one tissue. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. One hundred and fifty years later, scientists decode nature's greatest mysteriesa two-hour special. Functional analysis of metabolite variation among tissues. All nonhuman primates used in this study suffered sudden deaths for reasons other than their participation in this study and without any relation to the tissue used. The diet of condition 1 monkeys was kept unchanged and was the same as the diet of monkeys from the control group. The studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use ethics committee at the Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences. Endorphins are produced in the brain as a natural pain killer. Thus, metabolite concentration differences among tissues could be confirmed by expression-level differences in corresponding genes, and these metabolite concentration differences represent some of the known functional properties of the tissues. Speak specifically to the major muscles that are affected in Jason Dunn and what transcripts to undergo muscle-specific alternative splicing while identifying some of the key trans-acting splicing factors . p28 protein bread. Listen to a doctor explain the causes and treatment for a type of back pain called lordosis, Changes in the muscles of the head and neck, 17 Questions About Health and Wellness Answered, https://www.britannica.com/science/human-muscle-system, British Broadcasting Corporation - Muscles. The Table lists: pathways names and IDs, pathway p-Values, numbers of pathway metabolites showing human-specific concentration profiles, numbers of enzymes showing human-specific expression profiles, numbers of pairs of directly linked enzymes and metabolites with human-specific and concentration level profiles, as well as p-Values indicating probabilities of finding equal or greater numbers of enzymes or linked enzymes in metabolites sets randomly sampled 100 times. Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC, United States of America, Affiliation On the organism level, more controlled experiments could inspect recruitment of particular muscles in motion and quantify their performance based on their volume and level of activation. peak level 3,000 AU in 50% of samples of samples of any particular species and tissue. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, which are located in the back of the neck, work to rotate the head. Here, single-cell transcriptomics identified ADNP as a major constituent of the developing human muscle. The ratios are based on metabolite peaks from all datasets. The plot is based on the 4,698 metabolite peaks that showed significant concentration differences in any tissue in the three primate species (t-test, permutation p<0.01). The proportion of enzymes with the corresponding expression profile linked to the tested metabolite grouppathway (i) or cluster (ii)was compared with the proportion obtained in the sampling test. Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States of America, Affiliation Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience. The V1 samples were dissected from the calcarine cortex (human and chimpanzee) or the occipital lobe (macaques), corresponding to Brodmann area 17. Only samples with high RNA integrity values were used in this study. For each module, metabolites, pathways and enzymes are listed. Peak smoothing (nine data points) and alignment were performed within msPeak for each mass trace separately using peak spread and peak gap to neighboring peaks. She explains why you may not like the sound of your own voice on recordings, the differences between your outward, inward and inner voices -- and the extraordinary things you communicate without being aware of it. The results suggest that, while humans are characterized by superior cognition, their muscular performance might be markedly inferior to that of chimpanzees and macaque monkeys. Sep 29, 2019 - What an evening ladies and gentlemen, ladles and jelly spoons, the same. Second, we show that metabolite concentrations are largely buffered against environmental changes, such as temporary change in diet, physical activity, and living conditions. For reconstruction of the mouse and human junctions, we additionally used mouse genome annotation and homology information. garbage disposals is something normal. The semispinalis dorsi and semispinalis capitis muscles also extend the back. $19.93. Trunk & Axial Muscles | Where is the Trunk in the Human Body iron status becomes toxic the infection does not affect iron status its harder to. Each enclosure hosted a group of approximately 20 individuals and contained multiple objects used for climbing. Numbers of peaks showing species-specific concentration changes in each dataset. The obtained m/z values were then searched against the HMDB database [29] for annotation of the [+]LC-MS and []LC-MS datasets. Four serial 10 mm-thick sections were cut at 30C, preincubated at pH 4.37, 4.6, and 10.3 and stained for myofibrillar ATPase reactions at pH 9.4 [36]. arbitrary units; CBC, Each circle represents an individual sample colored according to the tissue. The LC-MS datasets were filtered according to the following criteria: Before applying the last filtering criterion, outlier samples were removed from the datasets. The third and perhaps most unexpected observation is a striking excess of human-specific metabolic divergence in skeletal muscle. It contains three example takes of the pulling individuals and three example takes of the scale measuring the strength of a pull. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871. Pathways not containing enzymes with matching expression profile are indicated by lighter shades of red and blue. In humans, muscle tissue is known to have variable fiber-type composition, reflecting differences in individuals' physiology and physical activity [19]. Airing December 21, 2011 at 9 pm on PBS Aired December 21, 2011 on PBS extraordinary humans muscles transcript mansion airbnb virginia For the annotation of the GC-MS dataset, all of the GC-MS dataset chromatograms were processed and aligned as described previously [30],[31] using several reference compound libraries of commercially available authentic standards measured on the employed GC-MS system [31][33]. It is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with assistance from the longus colli and the longus capitis, which are found in the front of the neck. KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in skeletal muscle. B-Roll, Video, Audio, Photos & Rush Transcript: Governor Hochul Visits KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in kidney. The rows show numbers and percentage of changes on different evolutionary lineages: the human (human) and chimpanzee (chimp.) No, Is the Subject Area "Enzymes" applicable to this article? In addition to the initial set of five tissues that the samples were collected from, we defined two composite neural tissues obtained by in silico grouping of specific brain regions: cortex tissue was defined as a combination of two cortical regions: PFC and V1; brain tissue was defined as a combination of all three brain regions. They Can't Fly, But These People Have Weird Superhuman Abilities https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s006. (b) Relationship between species-specific metabolite concentration divergence in each tissue and the corresponding phylogenetic distances in million years (MY). Find out! Hear arguments for and . Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a condition that has caused his muscles to wither away.Read more: http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/extraordinary-humans/4923/Overview#ixzz1IBm1P14e Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc. For instance, evolution of a large brain in humans, which consumes 20% of the total body energy at rest, has been suggested to involve changes in energy distribution among tissues, as well as adaptation to a nutrition-rich diet [4],[5]. Blood 03. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s023. All selected individuals had no medical history or reported abnormal behavior and were healthy during the strength experiments. Out of 371 metabolites detected in the independent CE-MS experiment, 265 were detected by the LC-MS and GC-MS methodologies. Plotted metabolites, pathways, and metabolite groups are listed in Tables S14, S15 and further illustrated in Figures S10, S11. Liam Hoekstra, 3, has a rare genetic condition called myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy, which increases his muscle mass and reduces his body fat. 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. e1001871. Step 1: Create your TED-Ed account. Rotation is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which bends the neck to the ipsilateral side and rotates the neck contralaterally. Extraordinary Humans: Muscles Dystonia 1. It has been six years since, and we still havent addressed the main issue of The cerebrum is moving the muscles of the muscular system and bones of the skeletal system so that the body can swim to the surface of the water. [23]. KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing concentration level changes due to environmental treatment in macaques (condition 1 and/or condition 2). For each peak, concentration level in a given sample was normalized to the concentration across all samples of other primate species within the same tissue (base 2 logarithm-transformed ratios). Total RNA was extracted by a TRIzol (Invitrogen) procedure according to the manufacturer's instructions. The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (blue). Proportions of metabolite concentration changes on the primate evolutionary lineages based on 2,5055,141 metabolite peaks with no zero concentration values in all individuals of all species in a given tissue. Grouping of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in PFC. For further analysis we kept reads with alignment score >150 and, among those that mapped to two locations, only those with a difference in alignment score 5. Since mouse measurements were used solely to compare the pace of metabolic and genetic divergence among species, underestimation of metabolic and genetic variation within mouse species because of their genetic homogeneity does not affect the main results of our study. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Human body | Organs, Systems, Structure, Diagram, & Facts | Britannica Only 3 left in stock - order soon. Extraordinary People is a television documentary series broadcast on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom. Here, we assessed concentrations of more than 10,000 metabolites in three brain regions and two non-neural tissues (skeletal muscle and kidney) of humans, chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and mice using mass spectrometry-based approaches. Maximal pulling strength normalized to an individual's body weight is shown in the last column. 8 Extraordinary World Records That Prove The Human Body And Mind Is To investigate this, we conducted a series of experiments aimed at providing an approximate estimate of muscular strength in a pulling task accomplished by humans (n=42), chimpanzees (n=5), and macaques (n=6) (Movie S1). Muscular System - Muscles of the Human Body - Innerbody Extraordinary People (2003 TV series) - Wikipedia Updates? (b) Proportions of peaks specific to a given tissue based on the cluster analysis. Metabolite peaks significant in the primate ANOVA test were tested for peak specificity to any primate species; peaks significant in the ANOVA test performed on all species samples were tested for mouse-specific concentration levels. Examination of metabolite concentration variation by means of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a clear separation of samples of all four species according to the three major organsbrain, kidney, and musclein each dataset (Figure 1b, Figure S3). The author(s) have made the following declarations about their contributions: Conceived and designed the experiments: PK PG JC OH. working?For some people, their muscles are the PAGPAG - Garbage Chicken a grim staple for Manila's poor, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Indeed, several physiological features specific to humans imply possible metabolic adaptations. Marked enhancement. The monkeys were randomly assigned to three groups, control (three individuals), condition 1 (six individuals) and condition 2 (six individuals). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s021. Performed the experiments: YW ZY JC MT JB RP. a branch of psychology concerned with Back in 2011, we got one of the best food documentaries. While this is true for tissues assessed in our studybrain regions, kidney, and musclethis observation might not apply to tissues closely interacting with the environment, such as liver and blood. By contrast, an average of 3,674 and 4,840 metabolic peaks showed equally significant differences in comparisons between control macaques and six randomly selected chimpanzee or human individuals, respectively (Figure 4b, Figure S13). 31-year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disease that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. The significant overlap between environmentally induced and human-specific metabolic changes indicates that, despite the limited scope and duration of the environmental change, it nevertheless did capture some of metabolic effects of the modern human lifestyle. Guinness World Records. Scientists believe that every time the human genome duplicates itself there are around 100 new mutations. Are Jason's muscles normal in structure and in function? The linear regression between metabolite concentration divergence and phylogenetic distances represented by the dashed line was calculated based on the proportions of metabolite peaks with significant concentration divergence on the corresponding lineage for the three nonhuman species (represented by circles). We designed an experimental setup for testing muscular strength of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques that would be applicable to all three species to a similar extent. By combining metabolite concentration and gene expression measurements, we showed that pathways containing excess of tissue-specific metabolic profiles also showed significant over-representation of corresponding tissue-specific gene expression profiles in all 13 metabolite clusters (permutation p<0.05, Figure 2c). The RNA-seq libraries were sequenced (100 cycles) on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Metabolic measurements were accompanied by the measurements of the expression of enzymes using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in a subset of 120 tissue samples. Clustering of species-specific metabolites and KEGG pathways in kidney. Transcriptional profiling reveals extraordinary diversity among Missing sessions are marked in gray, the best result of each individual is marked in green. However, the role of metabolic changes in species evolution is currently unknown. Think of it as an alternative way into a mindfulness practice, through vivid stories and cinematic music and production values. peaks with the same mass and RT differing by 0.5 were classified as overlapping and removed. tower hill insurance net worth. extraordinary humans muscles transcript - dolna.bg ), the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (macaq.) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HMDB, For peaks showing a significant proportion of variation explained by species and speciestissue terms in ANOVA, we performed an additional t-test to identify the species in which the metabolite peak concentration levels were significantly different from the other species. The modules (metabolite groups) are shown in Figure S12. Next, we tested the overrepresentation of enzymes with expression profiles matching concentration profiles of metabolites among: (i) enzymes annotated in pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in a tissue, as well as pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites from tissue-specific metabolite clusters; (ii) enzymes directly linked to metabolites based on KEGG annotation in the tissue-specific clusters or the species-specific metabolites.
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